ASAP Plumbing

Amelia island, Florida

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Amelia Island is a part of the Sea Islands chain that stretches along the East Coast of the United Statesfrom South Carolina to Florida; it is the northernmost of the barrier islands on Florida’s Atlantic coast.  Lying in Nassau County, Florida, it is 13 miles (21 km) long and approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) wide at its widest point. The communities of Fernandina Beach, Amelia City, and American Beachare located on the island.

The island was named for Princess Amelia, daughter of George II of Great Britain, and changed hands between colonial powers a number of times. It is claimed that eight flags have flown over Amelia Island: French, Spanish, British, Floridian/Patriot, Green Cross, Mexican, Confederate, and United States.

Early European settlement

American Indian bands associated with the Timucuapeople settled on the island around 1000, which they called Napoyca.  They remained there until the early 18th century.  In 1562, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault became the first recorded European visitor to Napoyca, and he named the island Île de Mai.  In 1565, Spanish forces led by Pedro Menendez de Aviles drove the French from northeastern Florida by attacking their stronghold at Fort Caroline on the Rivière de Mai (later called Río de San Juan by the Spanish, and later the St. Johns River in English).   They killed Ribault and perhaps 350 other French colonists who had been shipwrecked further down the coast.

Spanish rule

In 1573 Spanish Franciscans established the Santa María de Sena mission on the island,  which they named Isla de Santa María.   In the early 17th century, the Spanish relocated people from former Mocama settlements to Santa María de Sena.

In 1680, British raids on St. Catherines Island, Georgia resulted in the Christian Guale Indians abandoning the Santa Catalina de Guale mission and relocating to Spanish missions on Isla de Santa María.  In 1702, the Spanish abandoned these missions after South Carolina’s colonial governor James Moore led an invasion of Florida with British colonists and their Native American allies.

Georgia’s founder and colonial governor James Oglethorpe renamed this island as “Amelia Island” in honor of Princess Amelia (1710–1786), daughter of George II of Great Britain.  It was still a Spanish possession.   Oglethorpe successfully negotiated with Spanish colonial officials for the island to be transferred to British sovereignty after ordering the garrison of Scottish Highlanders to build a fort on the northwestern edge of the island.  The King of Spain rescinded the agreement.

British rule

Oglethorpe withdrew his troops in 1742. The area became a buffer zone between the English and Spanish colonies until the Treaty of Paris (1763)settling the Seven Years’ War, in which Britain defeated France. Under the treaty, Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in order to regain control of Havana, Cuba; the treaty nullified all Spanish land grants in Florida.   The Proclamation of 1763established the St. Marys River as East Florida‘s northeastern boundary.

During the early period of British rule, the island was known as Egmont Isle, after Lord Egmont who had a 10,000-acre plantation covering almost the entire island. Its headquarters were presumably the so-called “New Settlement” on the south side of the mouth of Egan’s Creek adjoining the Amelia River, the site of the present-day Old Town.   Egmont had only recently begun his development of the island in 1770, when Gerard de Brahm prepared his map, the “Plan of Amelia, Now Egmont Island”. This depicted most of the planned development at the north end.

Egmont died in December 1770, whereupon his widow Lady Egmont assumed control of his vast Florida estates. She continued to develop the plantation and appointed Stephen Egan as her agent to manage it. With the forced labor of enslaved African Americans, he produced profitable indigocrops there.  until it was destroyed by American troops from Georgia in 1776.

Spanish rule returns

In the late 1770s and early 1780s, during the American Revolutionary War, British loyalists fleeing Charleston and Savannah hastily erected new buildings at the settlement, calling their impromptu town Hillsborough. Spain regained possession of Florida in 1783, under the terms of the new United States settlement with Great Britain. Amelia harbor was an embarkation point for Loyalists leaving the colony; they tore down buildings and took the lumber with them. In June 1785, former British governor Patrick Tonyn moved his command to Hillsborough town, from which he sailed to England and evacuated troops and Loyalists later that year.

After the British evacuation, Mary Mattair, her children, and a slave worker were the sole occupants left on Amelia island. She had received a grant from Governor Tonyn of the property on the bluff overlooking the Amelia River. Following the exchange of flags in 1784, the Spanish Crown allowed Mattair to remain on the island. In trade for the earlier British grant,  the Spanish authorities awarded her 150 acres (61 ha) within the present-day city limits of Fernandina Beach. The site of Mattair’s initial grant is today’s Old Town Fernandina.

In 1783, the Second Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War and returned Florida to Spain. British inhabitants of Florida had to leave the province within 18 months unless they swore allegiance to Spain.  In June 1795, American rebel marauders led by Richard Lang attacked the Spanish garrison on Amelia Island. Colonel Charles Howard, an officer in the Spanish military, discovered that the rebels had built a battery and were flying the French flag. On August 2, he raised a sizable Spanish force, sailed up Sisters Creek and the Nassau River, and attacked them. The rebels fled across the St. Marysto Georgia.

In 1811, surveyor George J. F. Clarke platted the town of Fernandina,  named in honor of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Enrique White, the governor of the Spanish province of East Florida.

U.S.-led “Patriot War”

On March 16, 1812, Amelia Island was invaded and seized by insurgents from the United States calling themselves the “Patriots of Amelia Island,” under the command of General George Mathews, a former governor of Georgia. This action was tacitly approved by President James Madison.  General Mathews moved into a house at St. Marys, Georgia, just nine miles. across Cumberland Sound from Fernandina on the northwest end of the island.

That same day, nine American gunboats under the command of Commodore Hugh Campbell formed a line in the harbor and aimed their guns at the town. From Point Peter, General Mathews ordered Colonel Lodowick Ashley to send a flag to Don Justo Lopez,   commandant of the fort and Amelia Island, and demand his surrender. Lopez acknowledged the superior force and surrendered the port and the town. John H. McIntosh, George J. F. Clarke, Justo Lopez, and others signed the articles of capitulation; the Patriots raised their own standard. The next day, March 17, a detachment of 250 regular United States troops were brought from Point Peter, and the newly constituted Patriot government surrendered the town to General Matthews. He took formal possession in the name of the United States, ordering the Patriot flag struck and the flag of the United States to be raised immediately.

This was part of a plan by General Mathews and President Madison to annex East Florida, but Congress became alarmed at the possibility of being drawn into war with Spain while engaged in the War of 1812 against Great Britain. The effort fell apart when Secretary of State James Monroe was forced to relieve Matthews of his commission. Negotiations began for the withdrawal of U.S. troops early in 1813. On May 6, the army lowered the flag at Fernandina and took its remaining troops across the St. Marys River to Georgia.  Spain seized the redoubt and regained control of the island. In 1816 the Spanish completed construction of the new Fort San Carlosto guard Fernandina.

 

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